Definition and Examples of Synchronic Linguistics

Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at one particular period (usually the present). It is also known as  descriptive linguistics or general linguistics. Key Takeaways: Synchronistic Linguistics Synchronistic linguistics is the study of a language at a particular time.In contrast, diachronic linguistics studies the development of a language over time.Synchronistic linguistics is often descriptive, analyzing how the parts of a language or grammar work together. For example: A  synchronic  study of language is a comparison of languages or  dialects—various spoken differences of the same language—used within some defined spatial region and during the same period of time, wrote Colleen Elaine Donnelly in Linguistics for Writers. Determining the regions of the United States in which people currently say pop rather than soda and idea rather than idear are examples of the types of inquiries pertinent to a synchronic study.State University of New York Press, 1994 Synchronistic views look at a language as if its static and not changing. Languages continually evolve, though its slow enough that people dont notice it much while its happening. The term was coined by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. That for which he is now most known was just a portion of his contributions to academia; his specialty was the analysis of Indo-European languages, and his work generally studied languages over time, or diachronic (historical) linguistics. Synchronic vs. Diachronic Approaches Synchronic linguistics is one of the two main temporal dimensions of language study introduced by Saussure in his  Course in General Linguistics (1916). The other is diachronic linguistics, which is the study of language through periods of time in history. The first looks at a snapshot of a language, and the other studies its evolution (like a frame of film vs. a movie). For example, analyzing the word order in a sentence in Old English only would be a study in synchronistic linguistics. If you looked at how word order changed in a sentence from Old English to Middle English and now to modern English, that would be a diachronic study. Say you need to analyze how historical events affected a language. If you look at when the Normans conquered England in 1066 and brought with them a lot of new words to be injected into English, a diachronic look could analyze what new words were adopted, which ones fell out of use, and how long that process took for select words. A synchronic study might look at the language at different points before the Normans or after. Note how you need a longer time period for the diachronic study than the synchronic one. Consider this example: When people had more opportunities to change their social class in the 1600s, they started using the words thee and thou less often. If they didnt know the social class of the person they were addressing, theyd use the formal pronoun you to be safely polite, leading to the demise of thee and thou in English. This would be a diachronic look. A description of the words and how they were used at the time in comparison to the pronoun you would be a synchronic description. Before Saussure, it was considered that the only true scientific study of a language could be diachronic, but both approaches are useful. In the third edition of Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction, the authors explain the types of historical linguistics:   As it is necessary to know how a system works at any given time before one can hope to understand changes, the analysis of language at a single point in time, i.e. synchronic linguistics, now usually precedes the study in terms of diachronic linguistics. (Paul Georg Meyer et al.,  Gunter Nar Verlag, 2005) Synchronic studies look at what associates with what (how parts interact) at any given time. Diachronic studies look at what causes what and how things change over time. Examples of Synchronic Study Synchronic linguistics is descriptive linguistics, such as the study of how parts of a language (morphs or morphemes) combine to form words and phrases and how proper syntax gives a sentence meaning. In the 20th century the search for a universal grammar, that which is instinctive in humans and gives them the ability to pick up their native language as an infant, is a synchronic area of study. Studies of dead languages can be synchronic, as by definition they are no longer spoken (no native or fluent speakers) nor evolving and are frozen in time.

Ethical Dilemmas for Nurses on End of Life Issues

ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING NURSES ON END-OF-LIFE ISSUES BASED ON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS HELD IN ELDORET, KENYA Author: Kamau S. Macharia: BScN (Moi), MSc (studying) Nursing Leadership Health Care Systems Management (University of Colorado, Denver), Higher Dip. Critical Care Nursing (Nbi). Graduate Assistant, School of Nursing Biomedical Sciences, Kabianga University College (A Constituent College of Moi University), . P 0 Box 2030 20200 Kericho, Kenya , Tel +254 722224577, Email: symomash@gmail.com ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING NURSES ON END-OF-LIFE ISSUES BASED ON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS HELD IN ELDORET, KENYA†¦show more content†¦This dilemma often occurs in the Critical Care Unit. Profound ethical questions confront the CCU personnel as they watch and wait helplessly. Bogner, 2004 also adds that apart from the relatives the critical care primary nurse bears the greatest psychological trauma. Herbert (1981) in a radio interview described that its depressing and stressful to see, manage or care for the brain dead patient. He regretted that the society has become less prepared for death and has come to rely on high tech medicine to work miracles†¦Advanced Cardiac Life Support(ACLS) has become one of the techno age’s primary end –of –life rituals, but it falls short of filing the gap left by the loss of life affirming community and family bonding ceremonies(Bogner,2004). It was also observed elsewhere by (Borgatti, 1998) that family experience of death of a loved one ought to be more binding for their family than disintegrating. This is a ‘slippery slope’ argument of all times, remarked an intensivist in a recent discussion on Euthanasia. Nonetheless this forum drawn from a diverse audience came together to discuss it in Eldoret, Kenya at the close of The 26th General Assembly Federation Of African Medical Students(FAMSA). 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Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Essay - 3805 Words

1.0 Introduction Human resource management (HRM) defines as an administrative process which manages and deals with the company’s employees to assist in achieving the company’s goals (Grimsley 2015). The role of HRM is to offer support in human resource matter to all employees. There are four functions of human resources which are recruit people, select best candidate, give training and development to new candidates and give some good compensation and benefit to new candidate (iPlace 2013). As we enter the new era, many company start to recognize the significance of effective human resource management. One of the importances of human resource management is to have good relationship between union and company’s management (MacDonald 2015). If a company has good policies and practices, union will think that the company cares for the employees’ benefit so that conflict between two parties would not exist. Furthermore, proper human resource policies and practices can help employee to work in a team in order to improve team work (University of California San Francisco 2015). Next, human resource management can assist company in achieving the company’s goals (Bianca 2015). If employees have positive and good attitude, it can help the company reduce the turnover costs and achieve the company’s goals. Besides, in order to reduce turnover costs, human resource can use suitable recruitment and selection methods in order to attract and select high performingShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. 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Labour Migration in UAE

Question: Write an essay onLabour Migration in UAE. Answer: 1. Introduction 1.1. Background of the study Labour migration has been the most common and considerable phenomenon in the United Arab Emirates. It has been perceived that most of the GCC countries depend widely on the foreign workers as they believe that the latter have got the skills and talents to ensure their economic stability and success (Cohen, 2006). Over the past four decades it has been overviewed that UAE has undergone severe transformation it is small scale businesses that are mainly oriented with the pearling and fishing sectors with a considerable increase in the countrys GDP level. But there are certain challenges faced by the country with the migration of the labours from other parts of the world. Aim of the research The principle aim of the paper is to identify and assess the effectiveness of the UAE economy due to the migration of the labour from the other parts of the world. Moreover the paper will also highlight the different challenges faced by the country for bringing labours from other countries. Objectives To find out how the UAE will provide adequate facilities and good working condition to the labours arriving from foreign countries To analyse the challenges and reasons associated with the migration of labour in UAE Research questions What are the reasons behind UAE economy bringing labours from other countries? What are the challenges faced by the UAE economy due to labour migration? How can they develop laws for encouraging labour migration in the country? Research hypothesis H0: Labour migration has helped the UAE economy a lot to flourish and prosper all over the world. H1: Labour migration did not help the UAE economy to flourish and prosper all over the world. Summary of the paper Wide discussion will be made throughout the study focusing upon the reasons behind labour migration in UAE and the challenges associated with it. The entire Literature Review In the UAE the high standard of living and economic prosperity and growth and high level of infrastructure is mostly supported by the migrant workers from the different countries the population of the migrant workers is huge in terms of the original population of the country which is 9.2 million among which 7.8 million is migrant population (Buckley, 2005). Thus it can be said that the different parts of the population and the working class is supported by foreign populace which consists of low skills workers and high skills workers in different sectors. Low skilled workers are invited from the different countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and India who participate in the low skill labour industry and there are also lucrative offers from the education, construction, oil and gas for skilled labour which in many cases is intellectual. The main challenge for the country in question is to provide suitable working conditions for the labour that arrive from other countries (Cohen, 2006). According to Labour market trends analysis and labour migration from South Asia to Gulf Cooperation Council countries, India and Malaysia (2015) in 1971 there was a system coined as the Kafala sponsorship system which allowed the different private companies in the UAE to hire foreign workers in their workforce without trouble. But the challenge was to provide the safe working environment as the different abuse like the confiscation of the passport and other physical abuse in the case of domestic workers were common in the cases. So there was much protest and hedging by the government which in some cases faced opposition from the citizens as the citizens of the country were not given any advantage in the industry. But the challenge has been addressed by the government in recent years and the different practices that were used to dominate and abuse foreign workers were outlawed in recent years and the different parts of the workforce were given some specific advantages that ensured their working environment was safe (Derudder, 2012). Up to this day the majority of the immigrant labours are male and they are employed in the low skills labour sector but in the last few decades the emergence of women in the country as foreign workers has been significant. This growth has been result of the readdressing of the different problems of the system that were previously absent to stop the migrant labour from being abused. The female labours are usually employed in the retail and domestic sector (Kaye, 2001). Another problem faced by the immigrant labour is the high number of disputes and complaints made by the foreign labour and the employers both so the need for mediation and the laws regarding the contracts and conditions the workers have been put to work in has to be restricted and modified. Thus the immigrant population and their complaints can be reduced by strict monitoring of the situation and legal intervention where necessary (Murawski, 2012). The different parts of the labour population and their needs to be addressed by the country correctly as a huge part of the population of the country UAE is made up of immigrants and lifestyle and progress of the country is based on the work done by the migrant labour so it is clear that the country is in need of the labour and this can be only satisfied is a mutually satisfactory situation can be achieved (Nicolopoulou, 2011). Research Methodology Introduction This is a most effective part of the research project through which the researchers embrace their learning in formulating a broad concept about the various challenges that are faced by UAE in order to bring a huge number of labours from the other countries (Lian, Rahman and Alas, 2011). The researchers will analyse the entire topic and incorporate some research designs and philosophies so as to evaluate the exact outcomes of the research in an effective way. Research philosophy It is an approach to explore or excavate the various unknown and unidentified facts related to the topic of research. In this research, the researchers has adopted the positivism and realism philosophies for assessing the real and positive data and information regarding the various reasons for which UAE has encouraged labour migration in the country and what all challenges they faced in doing so (Kaye, 2001). Also the challenges and their impact on the UAE economy have also been evaluated by these approaches. Research design For this research study, the researchers have chosen the descriptive research design by which they can deliver fruitful outcomes regarding the investigation of the issues that UAE has faced due to encouraging labour migration. The reasons behind UAE relying on the foreign workers from specially India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have also been broadly refurbished by the researchers through such selected design (Mahmud, 2015). Data collection approach Qualitative data has been taken by the researchers for emanating the main purpose of the study topic. Data have been collected by referring to different secondary sources such as academic books, journals, websites, etc. for gathering enough knowledge about the topic. Sampling techniques Sampling techniques help the researchers to choose the medium through which the researchers segment the information sources and accumulate adequate information regarding the research topic. Convenient sampling has been chosen by the researchers for this study through which they could select or choose certain relevant books, journals or articles and drew an effective conclusion for the research (Mizanur Rahman, 2012). Research ethics It is required to maintain the ethical considerations by the researchers during the execution of the entire research. Proper steps must be followed by them for carrying out the research procedure thoroughly and effectively. Careful analysis must be done for deriving appropriate conclusions to the research. Summary of the research The entire chapter outlined the stages and processes through which the researchers have undertaken this particular research. A broad narrative has been made regarding the methods and designs that the researchers chose for conducting this particular research. Data Analysis and Discussion According to the literature reviewed by the researcher it is clear that the country UAE needs its migrant workforce and the needs is mutual as the jobs offered by the country are attractive and work as a lure to the working class people from the poor countries of Africa, northern America and Asia. The work done by the migrant workforce varies from low skill service sector jobs to high skill jobs in the oil and gas and finance and education sector. Thus the country is highly dependent on the different sectors where the primary workforce comes from foreign countries (Travel smart - work smart, 2015). So this dependency makes the country and the employment system of the country to care for the wellbeing of the foreign workers that is part of the policy changes that have been made in the recent past. So the different attitudes towards the foreign workers and the exploitation of the workers have to stop completely if the country wants to retain the lure of prosperity and keep attracting w orkers from different countries. Thus the emphasis falls on the adjusting the foreign worker policy of the country according to the changing times and changing needs of the foreign workforce to create a stable and mutually beneficial and satisfactory relationship. Conclusion and Recommendations Introduction The overall study has shed light upon the various issues and challenges faced by UAE in order to encourage labour migration from other countries. It has been perceived that the country has hired employees from basically India, Bangladesh and Pakistan with better wage rate facility which attracted the labours to come and work there (Rahman, 2011). Kafala sponsorship has been hosted in the country for hiring labours. For identifying the reasons behind the migration and assessing the challenges, the researchers have opted for certain methods, approaches and philosophies and referred to various secondary sources so as to gather relevant information about the topic. Conclusion The study portrayed that there are various laws imposed by the UAE government behind supporting the labour migration in the country. Due to the huge number of labour migration in Dubai from different other countries, the economy of UAE has developed widely and thus became one of the most popular destinations where labour migrants gained extensive predominance. Yet in spite of that the country is in question whether it can provide suitable working conditions for the labour that arrive from other countries (Mahmud, 2015). Female workers have been abused and thus laws have been passed for catering them with benefits for facilitating them and satisfying their needs. Also the laws must be enhanced and developed more so as to mitigate the complaints and disputes made by the foreign labours and employers. Recommendations The researchers must be allotted with adequate time so that they can be able to research more and evaluate the outcomes effectively. It is important to be ethical and comply with all the laws for maintaining authenticity and viability of the study. Proper resources must be implied to the researchers for bridging up the loopholes of the research. References Buckley, M. (2005).Building the global Gulf city. Cohen, R. (2006).Migration and its enemies. Aldershot: Ashgate. Derudder, B. (2012).International handbook of globalization and world cities. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Kaye, M. (2001).Forced labour in the 21st century. London ; Brussels: Anti-Slavery International ; ICFTU. Labour market trends analysis and labour migration from South Asia to Gulf Cooperation Council countries, India and Malaysia. (2015). Kathmandu: ILO. Lian, K., Rahman, M. and Alas, Y. (2011).International migration in Southeast Asia. Mahdavi, P. (2013). Trafficking Parenting: Migration, Motherhood, Forced Labor and Deportability in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Middle East Law and Governance, 5(1-2), pp.173-194. Mahmud, H. (2015). Impact of the destination state on migrants remittances: a study of remitting among Bangladeshi migrants in the USA, the UAE and Japan.Migration and Development, 5(1), pp.79-98. Mizanur Rahman, M. (2012). Gendering Migrant Remittances: Evidence from Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates.International Migration, 51, pp.e159-e178. Murawski, J. (2012).The nouveaux riches and the toilers of the Persian Gulf. Naufal, G. and Genc, I. (2012).Expats and the labor force. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Nicolopoulou, K. (2011).Global knowledge work. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Rahman, M. (2011). Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in the UAE: Gender-Differentiated Patterns of Migration Experiences.Middle Eastern Studies, 47(2), pp.395-411. Travel smart - work smart. (2015). New Delhi: ILO.